In 1994, Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has since remained a relatively stable presidential republic, although it still faces a low-intensity insurgency distinctively in the farthermost regions from the southern capital and where Islam is dominant. After only two years of independence, the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992. After over four centuries of Portuguese rule, Mozambique gained independence in 1975, becoming the People's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. The voyage of Vasco da Gama in 1498 marked the arrival of the Portuguese, who began a gradual process of colonisation and settlement in 1505. In the late medieval period, these towns were frequented by traders from Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and India. Between the 7th and 11th centuries, a series of Swahili port towns developed on that area, which contributed to the development of a distinct Swahili culture and language. Notably Northern Mozambique lies within the monsoon trade winds of the Indian Ocean and is frequentely affected by disruptive weather. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. Mozambique ( / ˌ m oʊ z æ m ˈ b iː k/), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Portuguese: Moçambique or República de Moçambique, Portuguese pronunciation: Chichewa: Mozambiki Swahili: Msumbiji Tsonga: Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. ^ Includes Judaism, Hinduism, and Baha’i.^ Includes Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and other African ethnic groups.
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